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Abstract
The concluding chapter identifies outcomes and main trends emerging from the collections of contributions included in the Handbook. The goal is to help relocate the conversation about citizens’ assemblies on a pragmatic and well documented ground, leaving aside both over-optimistic (utopian expectancies looking for a “magic solution”) and over-pessimistic portrayals (that foresee any action addressed to produce change as worsening the problems intended to resolve, failure or at too high of costs). Following Albert Hirschman (1991), it is assumed that there are dangers in both action and inaction, so CAs need to focus on canvassing and assessing and guarding against risks as much as possible. To develop this strategy, the text is structured along the following lines: the global spread of CAs beyond ethnocentric views; the discussion on their authorization, accountability, and legitimacy; their outcomes and evaluation; their scalability and best design; their public support and potential to provide answers to global challenges (climate change, global democracy); and their connection to regime type (authoritarian or democratic).