@article{Hofmann:301444,
      recid = {301444},
      author = {Hofmann, Stephanie C. and Andreska, Anamarija and Uribe,  Juanita and Burai, Erna},
      title = {Porous organizational boundaries and associated states  introducing memberness in international organizations},
      address = {2023},
      number = {ARTICLE},
      abstract = {The current binary understanding of membership in  international organizations (IOs), especially regional  organizations (ROs), creates blind spots and biases in our  understanding of who matters in IOs, as well as why and how  they matter. Existing scholarship primarily looks at full  member-states or non-state actors to capture who influences  such organizations. Associated states are often portrayed  as passive receivers of IO rules instead of active  contributors. We address this blind spot and resulting  analytical bias by exploring what types of association  relationships exist and how they impact IOs. We propose a  novel conceptualization of membership that we call  memberness. On the level of IOs, memberness is based on the  relative openness of organizational boundaries and  stratified access via material and ideational  contributions. On the level of states, memberness captures  associated states’ individual choices to contribute  materially and/or ideationally to an IO. Memberness moves  away from a purely rights-based understanding of membership  (or who you are in an IO) to include a capacity-based  understanding (or what you do in an IO). This shift in  focus uncovers new channels of influence on IOs. Associated  states’ material and ideational contributions to IOs  constitute three memberness types: payroller, sponsor, and  advisor. We argue that these memberness types impact IOs’  vitality, design, and performance in previously  unrecognized ways. We illustrate these types with empirical  examples from ROs across the globe and discuss the  implications of memberness for IO research programs.},
      url = {http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/301444},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/13540661231163988},
}