"This project researches the history of humanitarian negotiations with Non-State Armed Groups. Three narratives are key; humanitarian history, evolution of warfare, and the legal and normative frameworks which govern war. The research employs archival research and oral history. Specificity is ensured by two cases; the Nigerian civil war and the Afghanistan war. The PhD holds a two-fold wider appeal; 1. To deepen our understanding of humanitarian history; and 2. To inform humanitarian action."