@article{Pauwelyn:298821,
      recid = {298821},
      author = {Pauwelyn, Joost},
      title = {Export restrictions in times of pandemic options and  limits under international trade agreements},
      address = {2020},
      number = {ARTICLE},
      abstract = {Trade saves lives' could have been the headline.  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hit so hard, quickly  and across so many nations at the same time, that many  countries not only rushed to produce and import, but also  imposed export restrictions on protective masks,  ventilators and other products they were running out of. On  one count, as of 26 April 2020, at least seventy-five  governments had banned or limited exports of medical  supplies and medicines.  The impact and pros and cons of  such export restrictions have been discussed elsewhere.  What this contribution seeks to do is to set out the  options and limits under international trade agreements.   Section II discusses export restrictions under EU law,  first within and then outside the EU. Section III turns to  WTO agreements, discussing both obligations in respect of  export restrictions, and a number of exceptions explicitly  provided for. It also refers to trade remedies as a  possible response to export restrictions. Section IV  briefly examines preferential trade agreements. Section V  concludes, highlighting the importance of transparency and  the limits of law and enforcement procedures when it comes  to emergency measures, especially those enacted on a  temporary basis in the midst of a crisis.  Economists have  almost universally condemned the recent surge in export  restrictions. The main take-away point when looking at what  international law currently provides for is, however, that  it offers countries a great deal of leeway to enact such  restrictions especially during a pandemic. One question for  further research and negotiations is whether this wiggle  room ought to be reduced to effectively address the next  pandemic. Some recent commitments and proposals have been  made in this direction. They are referenced in the  conclusion.},
      url = {http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/298821},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2020031},
}